The European Centre for Strategic Studies and Policy (ECSAP) Executive Summary Europe’s security debate has entered a fundamentally new phase in 2026. The central question
Executive Summary Europe’s electricity grid has become one of the continent’s most strategically important—and increasingly vulnerable—assets. Over the past decade, energy infrastructure has evolved beyond
The European Union is entering a new phase of strategic competition in which access to critical raw materials has become as important as access to
The European Centre for Strategic Studies and Policy (ECSAP) The U.S.–Iran war has forced Europe to confront a strategic reality it had repeatedly postponed: instability
Europe is experiencing the most significant transformation of its defence posture since the end of the Cold War. For decades, the European Union largely approached
The expansion of Houthi operations during the Iran conflict has transformed the Red Sea from a regional maritime corridor into a strategic theatre with direct
As geopolitical competition intensifies and economic interdependence becomes increasingly vulnerable to strategic coercion, Europe is redefining economic security as a core pillar of national and
The European Centre for Strategic Studies and Policy (ECSAP) The rapid expansion of Russia’s shadow fleet has demonstrated that modern sanctions are no longer challenged
Since the outbreak of the Sudanese war on 15 April 2023, Saudi Arabia has presented itself as one of the region’s leading mediators seeking to
The European Centre for Strategic Studies and Policy (ECSAP) For more than seven decades, European security has rested upon a fundamental strategic assumption: that the